Photo Credit: Cover of SCE Smart Grid Deployment Plan
When California’s three largest utilities were ordered to file smart grid deployment plans, it was expected that some sections would look very similar since San Diego Gas & Electric, Pacific Gas & Electric and Southern California Edison worked together while creating the filings.
From distribution automation to electric vehicle adoption, there are similar threads throughout the reams of paper filed this month with the California Public Utility Commission. There is one section, however, that all three utilities agreed on fully: metrics.
California is unique by not just calling for utilities to lay out their grand smart grid plans but also asking them to quantify and measure progress. As advanced as California is with its smart grid ambitions, the initial reported metrics show that there is still a very long way to go in reaping the benefits of the investment, especially in the customer realm.
The metrics, which were developed over the last year, will be used by the PUC to provide updates to the legislature. Even though they won’t be finalized by the PUC until later this month, there will likely be little change from the current iteration. The metrics cover customer and meter metrics, storage, electric vehicle integration and reliability. SCE gets style points for the most color and providing ample explanation along with the figures.
Although there are some interesting data points in the reliability and distribution automation metrics (SDG&E already has 73 percent of its circuits automated, compared to less than 50 percent of the other two utilities), the best area to watch will surely be how the three utilities deliver the value of the smart grid to their customers.
Here are the metrics to watch:
1. Number of advanced meter malfunctions where customer electric service is disrupted
SCE wins on round one of this measurement with a total of zero for 2010. The figure does not include meter malfunctions that result in wonky billing, just those that occur when service is interrupted. PG&E put up the largest figure with 587 meters. That was attributed to radio frequency interference with breakers, an issue that the utility says it resolved by installing low power meters. SDG&E reported 37 meter malfunctions with no explanation. It would help to have a baseline to compare amongst traditional meters to better understand what these numbers mean for consumers. However, a few hundred meters is a small figure given that millions have been deployed.
2. Load impact from smart grid-enabled, utility administered DR programs
Demand response is already happening across California, but the initial figures of programs that have been enabled because of smart meters, rather than legacy interval meters (mostly on the commercial & industrial side), is limited. SCE could not clearly attribute any of its DR programs from large C&I programs directly to smart grid devices for 2010. PG&E was in the same boat as SCE for 2010, although it did not specify if its smart meter rollout would enable more DR in 2011. SDG&E counted 50 MW, 14 of which came from the residential sector.
3. Percentage of demand response enabled by AutoDR
California is the only state that has officially adopted OpenADR, or open automated demand response, as a standard. Interestingly, PG&E did not measure loads that were enabled by AutoDR versus other demand response platforms. SCE had the largest reported value, with nearly one quarter of its Demand Bidding Program coming from AutoDR. Ten percent of SCE’s critical peak pricing program came from AutoDR, compared to 4 percent for SDG&E. Those figures should continue to grow in 2011, especially since this is a separate metric from more general load shedding. Various companies, from EnerNOC to Honeywell, have embraced AutoDR, with the expectation that it will expand within and beyond California.
4. The number of utility-owned advanced meters with consumer devices with Home Area Network (HAN) or comparable consumer energy monitoring or measurement devices registered with the utility
To sum it up, the figure here is zero all around, with the exception of a few very small trials conducted by SCE and PG&E. The utilities are waiting for the adoption of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 HAN national standard, which might not be finalized until 2014 at the earliest. SCE, however, says it will have a pilot with several thousand devices later this year. The other utilities did not attempt to explain future rollouts or setbacks, but it is likely that large-scale HAN hardware is still years in the future in California.
5. Number of customers that are on a time-variant or dynamic pricing tariff plan
One factor that might drive No. 4 is dynamic pricing. In 2010, the figures varied wildly when it comes to pricing. PG&E boasts more than 100,000 residential customers on a dynamic pricing tariff, although they don’t break down which of those are in a peak time rebate program versus a variable time-of-use rate plan. SCE counts zero, with programs beginning in 2011. SDG&E is somewhere in the middle with 1,888 residential customers on dynamic priding and nearly 25,000 C&I customers.
This metric is interesting and vague at the same time. There are various types of programs, from rebate programs to time-of-use rates, and as it stands, the specific breakdown is not reported. However, the right pricing schemes can help drive people and businesses into demand response programs, which in turn can lead to more adoption of HAN devices on the residential side -- so this is one metric to keep a close eye on.
6. Number of escalated customer complaints related to the accuracy, functioning, or installation of advanced meters
This is a murky metric because it starts with “escalated,” which does not include the initial complaints that come into a call center. In one way, it is more accurate because there are various complaints that are resolved in a single phone call -- but it might be telling to see the difference between initial and escalated calls. It is not PG&E that leads this category, but rather SDG&E, with 2,123 escalated calls. PG&E is second with 1,470.
As the utilities provide customers with access to usage data, these numbers should shrink in coming years. This is a metric that is already being used in a different way in Texas, which has a deregulated power market. On the Power to Choose website, where customers can choose their retail electricity provider, consumers can see how different companies rank in terms of monthly complaints (not just about smart meters). Although it is a little crude, giving consumers information about how easy it is to do business with a particular utility or company is a metric that many other deregulated states could benefit from.
7. Number of utility-owned advanced meters replaced annually before the end of their expected useful life
This is another metric that, for 2010, looks like it was sliced a few different ways. SDG&E reported more than 27,000 advanced meters were swapped out in 2010, compared to just 4,739 for PG&E. However, PG&E noted there were another 50,000 advanced meters that were removed for investigation under the “meter vendor warranty process.” PG&E said 22,000 of those might have malfunctioned. SCE had about 8,500 advanced meters that it replaced. Although 20,000 meters is a small percentage of the millions being deployed, that’s still a lot of households -- and potentially angry individuals -- with a faulty meter.
8. Number of advanced meter field test performed at the request of customers pursuant to utility tariffs providing for such field tests
PG&E leads this category with more than 10,000 customer requests for their smart meters to be tested. The other two utilities each had fewer than 1,000. Last year saw multiple reports that validated the accuracy and safety of smart meters, so all of the figures should shrink in 2011.
9. Number and percentage of customers with advanced meters using a utility administered internet or web-based portal to access energy usage information or to enroll in utility energy information programs
PG&E also jumps ahead in this category, although the other two utilities are already have plans underway for portals for 2011. PG&E reported more than 400,000 usage inquiries for smart meter customers. All three utilities are offering portals for customers to check their energy consumption, and the offerings should become more sophisticated in coming years. The California PUC also recently laid the groundwork for third-party access to smart grid data, so other players will be looking to come into the market as soon as those are finalized.
For some reason, plug-in electric vehicle price tariffs garner their own category in the metrics section. PG&E is out ahead in this as well, with nearly 200 customers on one of its two EV tariffs, compared to about 120 for SCE and 30 for SDG&E. However, SCE notes that for those with plug-in hybrids, specific rates might not appeal to those drivers because of smaller battery sizes and lower charging levels. These figures don’t accurately reflect EV adoption in California, and the figures might not be reflective of a utility’s ability to handle EV load until years down the road.